1380 articles found

The UK Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) is the primary European forum for opt-out competition class actions, frequently exposing foreign parent companies to multi-billion-pound aggregate damages claims. Foreign defendants must target...

If you build hardware, write software, or provide tech services outside the United States using US-origin parts, code, or tooling, US export controls follow those items onto foreign soil. The...

Offshore Trusts vs Direct Title: South African Real Estate Identical transfer duty: South Africa taxes property purchases on the same sliding scale (0% to 13%) whether the buyer is an...

Qualifying for the "100% Made in Italy" designation requires every stage of design, manufacturing, and packaging to occur within Italy under Law 166/2009, Article 16. Luxury items containing exotic leathers,...

Standard Overseas Investment Office (OIO) consent uses an objective, criteria-based evaluation, while the National Interest Test gives the Minister of Finance broad discretionary veto power over sensitive transactions. The National...

Substance always overrides labels under Irish law. Calling a contract an "executive licence," "corporate let," or "serviced occupancy agreement" does not strip away your tenancy rights if you have exclusive...

Individual FIRB approval binds you to a single property address and must be obtained before entering an unconditional purchase contract. An individual residential exemption certificate lets you bid at auctions...

Foreign acquisitions of Canadian businesses fall under the Investment Canada Act (ICA), requiring either a post-closing administrative notification or a mandatory pre-closing net benefit review. Financial review thresholds depend on...

Shareholder disputes in India are primarily governed by the Companies Act, 2013, with the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) serving as the primary adjudicatory body. Minority shareholders holding at least...

Foreign arbitral awards are enforceable in Nigeria under the Arbitration and Mediation Act 2023 (AMA) and the New York Convention. Enforcement begins by filing an Originating Motion in either the...

Choosing between an Estonian private limited company (osaühing or OÜ) and a Delaware Limited Liability Company (LLC) is one of the most consequential decisions for non-EU founders expanding into Europe....

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 punishes misconduct and deters bad-faith filings; it does not compensate a winning defendant for their legal fees. Contractual and statutory fee-shifting provisions remain the...

South African businesses and multinationals that want to earn B-BBEE Ownership points without selling direct corporate equity to third-party investors typically choose between an Employee Share Ownership Trust (ESOP/BBOS) and...

Tiered escalation clauses are enforceable under Irish law. Irish courts can stay proceedings if a party skips mandatory executive talks or mediation. Pre-litigation negotiations and mediation typically cost between €15,000...

Residential leases in Bangkok fall under the Thai Civil and Commercial Code (CCC), while large landlords face additional regulation from the Office of the Consumer Protection Board (OCPB). If your...

I started my law firm renting desk space at a very kind lawyer’s office. He was my first boss in Law, Mr Alain A Johns of Alain A Johns Partnership....

Land ownership in Thailand is not a readily available option for foreign individuals. Foreign companies may have opportunities to own land, particularly through BOI certifications, subject to qualifying business activities...

Directors of an insolvent company owe a fiduciary duty to the general body of creditors of the company. Directors may be found in breach of such duties if they continue...

This article will only apply to parties with children under 21 years old. The Court has repeatedly placed emphasis on the best interests of the welfare of the children. The...

In recent years, the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (“PDPA”) of Singapore has been a trending topic for discussion, especially due to the trend of storing valuable personal data online....