YARD Law Co.
Sofia, Bulgaria
YARD Law Co. is a boutique law firm based in central Sofia, Bulgaria, advising international clients on doing business, investing, and living in Bulgaria. The firm was founded in 2020, and its lawyers are registered with the Sofia Bar Association, bringing over ten years of experience in corporate, commercial, and cross-border matters.
We work primarily with foreign founders, investors, and private clients who need Bulgarian legal work handled in English. Our core areas are company formation and corporate law, crypto and blockchain regulation including MiCA and CASP licensing, real estate acquisition and due diligence, residency and immigration, commercial contracts, tax, employment, and dispute resolution before the Bulgarian courts.
Much of our practice involves matters that arrive together: setting up a Bulgarian company, buying property, securing residence, and structuring the tax position that follows. Coordinatingthose areas early is usually what prevents the complications we see when clients come to us late.
Most matters can be handled remotely under a power of attorney, so clients based abroad rarely need to travel. Where a personal appearance is required, our office on Vitosha Blvd. in central Sofia is available for meetings, and we attend notaries, banks, and the Commercial Register on our clients' behalf.
We also advise Bulgarian companies on the corporate changes required by Bulgaria's adoption of the euro, including redenomination of share capital and amendment of constitutional documents.
Clients are served in English and Bulgarian, and we publish legal guidance in German, French, Spanish, and Russian. Every matter is handled by a licensed Bulgarian attorney, and clients deal directly with the lawyer responsible for their file.
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Practice areas
We advise Bulgarian and foreign-owned companies across the full corporate life cycle: incorporation, shareholder agreements, restructuring, M&A, and day-to-day governance. A Bulgarian OOD (LLC) requires only EUR 1 of share capital and is normally registered within 3–5 business days, and non-residents can own and manage one without living in Bulgaria. We also handle the redenomination of share capital and amendment of constitutionaldocuments required after Bulgaria's adoption of the euro.
We advise on Bulgarian corporate and personal taxation, including the 10% flat rates, VAT registration and compliance, withholding tax, tax residency, and the application of double taxation treaties. We represent clients in audits and disputes with the National Revenue Agency, and advise foreign owners on how a Bulgarian structure interacts with their tax position at home.
We draft, review, and enforce commercial and private contracts under Bulgarian law: supply and service agreements, software and SaaS contracts, leases, and shareholder arrangements. We advise on penalty clauses (неустойка), termination and rescission under the Obligations and Contracts Act, and on governing law and jurisdiction in cross-border agreements. Reviewing a contract before signature is consistently cheaper than litigating it afterwards.
We act for buyers and sellers of Bulgarian property, with particular focus on foreign purchasers. The decisive stage is before signature: the notary certifies the transaction but does not run a full legal check in the buyer's interest. We carry out title and encumbrance due diligence, review the preliminary contract and deposit terms, and represent clients through to completion. Non-EU nationals face restrictions on acquiring land, which we structure around.
YARD Law Co. advises Bulgarian and foreign-owned companies across the full corporate life cycle, from incorporation through growth, investment, and disputes. The firm was founded in 2020 in central Sofia, and its lawyers are registered with the Sofia Bar Association. We work with international clients in English, and most matters can be handled remotely under a power of attorney.
Company structures and formation. We establish and restructure Bulgarian companies, advising on the right form for the plan: the OOD/EOOD (LLC), the AD/EAD (joint-stock), and the newer variable-capital company (DPK). A Bulgarian OOD requires only EUR 1 of share capital and is normally registered within 3–5 business days, with no requirement for the owners to be resident in Bulgaria.
Contract. We draft, negotiate, review, and enforce commercial agreements under Bulgarian law — supply and distribution, services, software and SaaS, agency, and shareholder arrangements. We advise on penalty clauses (неустойка), termination and rescission under the Obligations and Contracts Act, and on governing law and jurisdiction in cross-border contracts.
Merger & Acquisition. We act on share and asset transfers, joint ventures, reorganisations, and management buy-outs, covering transaction structure, the share purchase agreement, warranties and indemnities, Commercial Register filings, and post-closing integration.
Due Diligence. We run legal due diligence on Bulgarian targets and assets: corporate standing and ownership chain, encumbrances, material contracts, employment liabilities, regulatory permits, IP ownership, and litigation exposure — delivered as a risk-ranked report a buyer can price against, not a document dump.
Venture Capital. We advise founders and investors on Bulgarian holding and operating structures, financing rounds, shareholder and investment agreements, preference and share classes, vesting and employee equity, and exit mechanics. Bulgaria's variable-capital company (DPK) was introduced specifically for startups, VC rounds, and employee equity, and we advise on when it is the better vehicle than a conventional OOD.
Licensing. We handle regulatory authorisation and ongoing compliance, with particular depth in crypto-asset services under the EU MiCA regime, including CASP authorisation through the Financial Supervision Commission, alongside general commercial permits and sector registrations.
International Trade Law. We support cross-border trade and EU-wide business: distribution and supply arrangements, choice of law and forum, and the recovery of commercial debts from Bulgarian counterparties, including the order-for-payment procedure, EU enforcement instruments, and pre-judgment security over assets.
Nonprofit & Charitable Organizations. We establish and advise Bulgarian foundations and associations, covering constitutional documents, registration, governance, public-benefit status, and ongoing reporting obligations.
We also advise companies on the corporate steps required by Bulgaria's adoption of the euro, including redenomination of share capital and amendment of constitutional documents ahead of the 31 December 2026 deadline.
YARD Law Co. advises foreign nationals on living, working, investing, and settling in Bulgaria. We handle the full path — from a first long-stay visa through residence permits, permanent residence, and eventually naturalisation — and we act for clients in English throughout. Most refusals we see stem from choosing the wrong legal ground rather than from missing paperwork, so we assess eligibility before anything is filed.
Work Permit. We advise employers and employees on the right to work in Bulgaria, including the Single Permit for work and residence, EU Blue Card eligibility for qualified professionals, seasonal and intra-corporate transfers, and the employer-side obligations that accompany each.
Business Visa. We assist non-EU nationals entering Bulgaria for commercial purposes, including long-stay type-D visas on grounds such as conducting business through a Bulgarian company, commercial representation, or self-employment — and we handle the corporate work that underpins the application, since the visa and the company structure have to be planned together.
Residence by Investment. Bulgaria offers permanent residence to qualifying investors through routes including investment in Bulgarian funds and exchange-listed securities, or in real estate. We advise on which route fits, structure the investment, prepare the application, and advise on the ongoing conditions that must be maintained. Bulgaria's separate citizenship-by-investment scheme was discontinued in 2022; investors today obtain residence first and may pursue citizenship afterwards through ordinary naturalisation.
Permanent Residency. We advise on Bulgarian permanent residence (постоянно пребиваване) and EU long-term resident status: the qualifying grounds, the residence history required, and the rights each confers, including access to employment and travel within the EU.
Family Visa & Reunification. We act for families joining a spouse, parent, or child settled in Bulgaria, covering proof of relationship, document legalisation and sworn translation, accommodation and income requirements, and the position of family members of EU citizens.
Retirement Visa. Bulgaria permits long-term residence on the basis of pension or other stable independent income. We advise retirees on evidencing that income, the health-insurance and accommodation requirements, and the annual renewal process.
Naturalisation and Citizenship. We advise on acquiring Bulgarian citizenship by naturalisation, including the residence qualification, language and civics requirements, and the documentation the process demands, as well as citizenship by descent (Bulgarian origin) where a family connection exists.
EU, EEA, and Swiss nationals do not need a residence permit and only register their stay, which we also handle. Where a client cannot travel, most steps can be taken under a power of attorney.
YARD Law Co. defends individuals and companies in Bulgarian criminal proceedings, at every stage from the first police contact through pre-trial investigation, trial, and appeal. Criminal matters carry the highest personal and professional stakes, and the earliest hours often determine the outcome: early involvement prevents procedural violations, limits damaging evidence, and protects your position during questioning. We act for Bulgarian and foreign clients, and we conduct the defence in English where needed.
Arrests & Searches. We advise clients detained by police or subject to search, seizure, or questioning. Detention is subject to strict short time limits before a prosecutor and then a court must be involved, and the right to counsel applies from the moment of detention — not after the first interview. We attend questioning, challenge unlawful searches and seizures, and contest the grounds for detention and remand.
Criminal Litigation. We provide full procedural representation under the Criminal Procedure Code: representation during the pre-trial phase, negotiation with the prosecution, defence at trial before the district and city courts, and appeals up to the Supreme Court of Cassation.
White Collar Crime. Economic and financial crime is a core focus, reflecting the firm's corporate practice: tax offences, fraud, embezzlement, accounting and documentary offences, money laundering allegations, and offences connected to company management. We advise directors and shareholders on exposure arising from business decisions, and act where a commercial dispute or tax audit escalates into a criminal investigation.
Cybercrime. We defend allegations involving computer crime, unauthorised access, online fraud, and offences connected to digital assets and payment systems — an area where our technology and crypto practice informs the defence, particularly where blockchain or exchange records form the evidence.
Drug Crime. We act in possession, supply, and trafficking cases, examining the lawfulness of the search and seizure, the handling and testing of the substance, and the classification and quantity attributed to the accused.
Theft, Robbery & Burglary. We defend property offences from theft through aggravated forms, scrutinising identification evidence, witness reliability, and the sufficiency of the prosecution case.
Drunk Driving / DUI & DWI. Driving under the influence is treated as a criminal offence in Bulgaria above the statutory threshold, and refusal to submit to testing is itself an offence. We advise on the testing procedure and its documentation, the consequences for a driving licence, and the options available where the procedure was not correctly followed.
Speeding & Traffic Ticket. Most road traffic penalties are imposed administratively rather than criminally, and are challenged by appeal against the penalty decree. We advise on whether an appeal is worthwhile and represent clients before the administrative courts, including in cases involving licence withdrawal.
Extradition and International Criminal Law. We act in cross-border matters, including European Arrest Warrant proceedings and extradition requests involving Bulgaria, mutual legal assistance, and Interpol notices. Foreign nationals facing Bulgarian proceedings are entitled to an interpreter and to have their consulate notified, and we ensure those rights are exercised from the outset.
All communications are strictly confidential, and we respond to enquiries within one business day.
YARD Law Co. acts on both sides of debt matters in Bulgaria — for creditors recovering what they are owed, and for debtors facing enforcement or insolvency. A substantial part of this practice is cross-border: we represent foreign companies pursuing Bulgarian debtors, and we work with international clients in English throughout.
Debt & Collection. We recover commercial and private debts through the full procedural route: pre-claim demand and negotiation, the order-for-payment procedure under the Civil Procedure Code (including the document-based route that allows immediate enforcement), contested proceedings where the debtor objects, and enforcement through private enforcement agents against bank accounts, receivables, vehicles, and real property. For creditors based abroad we advise on the European Order for Payment, the European Enforcement Order, and recognition of foreign judgments in Bulgaria.
Creditor. We act for creditors from first exposure to final recovery: securing claims before judgment through attachment of bank accounts and injunctions over real estate, obtaining a European Account Preservation Order where assets sit in another member state, filing and defending claims in insolvency proceedings, and challenging transactions made by a debtor to put assets beyond reach. Acting early matters — by the time a debtor is formally insolvent, the recoverable assets are usually already gone.
Insolvency. We advise companies, directors, and creditors in commercial insolvency under the Commerce Act: the duty to file and the personal exposure of management for filing late, determination of the initial date of insolvency, filing and contesting claims, creditors' meetings, avoidance of pre-insolvency transactions, restructuring plans, and liquidation. We also advise solvent companies on winding up voluntarily.
Bankruptcy. Bulgaria introduced insolvency proceedings for private individuals for the first time under the Personal Insolvency Act, giving over-indebted consumers who are not entrepreneurs access to a court-supervised repayment plan and, ultimately, discharge of remaining obligations after a qualifying period. We advise on eligibility, the good-faith requirements the court applies, the preparation of the application and repayment plan, and the consequences for the debtor's property and future credit.
Credit Repair. We assist individuals and companies in correcting inaccurate entries in the Central Credit Register maintained by the Bulgarian National Bank, negotiating restructuring and settlement with banks and collection agencies, and challenging unfair or void terms in consumer credit agreements, including interest and penalty clauses that exceed what the law permits.
YARD Law Co. advises businesses, founders, and creators on protecting and commercialising intellectual property in Bulgaria and across the EU. Our IP work is closely tied to the firm's technology and commercial practice: most IP questions we handle arrive attached to a software product, a brand launch, an employment relationship, or a transaction.
Trademark. We advise on brand protection from clearance through to registration and renewal: pre-filing searches for earlier conflicting marks, selection of goods and services classes under the Nice Classification, and filing nationally with the Bulgarian Patent Office, at EU level as a European Union trade mark through EUIPO, or internationally through the WIPO Madrid System. Registration runs for ten years and is renewable indefinitely. We also handle oppositions, non-use cancellations, and invalidity proceedings.
Patent. We advise on patent and utility model protection in Bulgaria and the routes available for wider coverage, including European patents and PCT international applications, and on the freedom-to-operate and ownership questions that arise in transactions and in employment relationships where an invention is made on the job. Where technical prosecution before the Patent Office requires a registered industrial property representative, we coordinate that work and handle the legal and contractual side.
Trade Secrets. Bulgarian law protects confidential business information under the framework implementing the EU Trade Secrets Directive, but protection depends on the holder having taken reasonable steps to keep the information secret. We put those steps in place — confidentiality agreements, employment and contractor clauses, access controls, and exit procedures — and act where a secret has been misappropriated.
IP Licensing & Transactions. We draft and negotiate licences, assignments, distribution and franchising arrangements, software and SaaS terms, development and work-for-hire agreements, and the IP schedules in share and asset deals. In acquisitions we verify that the IP a buyer believes it is acquiring is actually owned and properly transferable, which in software businesses is frequently the weakest link.
IP Litigation & Enforcement. We enforce IP rights through cease-and-desist correspondence, preliminary injunctions, and civil proceedings before the Bulgarian courts, and defend clients accused of infringement. We also advise on customs border measures to detain counterfeit goods entering the EU through Bulgaria, and on the criminal liability that attaches to trademark and copyright infringement under Bulgarian law.
Domain Disputes (UDRP). We act in domain name disputes over abusive registrations and cybersquatting. Generic domains such as .com and .net fall under the UDRP administered by WIPO and other providers; .eu domains follow their own ADR procedure; and .bg domains are handled under the separate rules of the Bulgarian registry rather than the UDRP. We advise on which forum applies, on the evidence required to establish bad faith, and on recovering or protecting a brand's domains.
YARD Law Co. advises technology companies, digital businesses, and their investors on the law that governs how software, data, and online services are built, sold, and regulated. This is the firm's deepest sector: our clients are typically software companies, SaaS providers, e-commerce operators, fintech and crypto businesses, and foreign founders establishing technology operations in Bulgaria.
Information Technology. We handle the contracts that run a technology business: software development and work-for-hire agreements, SaaS and licensing terms, service level agreements, support and maintenance, source code escrow, reseller and integration arrangements, and the IP assignment provisions that determine who actually owns the code — routinely the weakest point in a startup's paperwork when an investor first looks at it.
Technology Transactions. We act on technology M&A, asset transfers, and investment rounds, covering IP and data due diligence, verification of ownership across employees and contractors, open-source licence exposure, transfer of customer contracts, and the warranties and indemnities specific to software businesses.
Cyber Law, Data Privacy and Data Protection. We build GDPR compliance that survives scrutiny: lawful bases, records of processing, privacy notices, data processing agreements, international transfer mechanisms, retention rules, data subject request handling, and breach response within the notification deadline. We advise on when a DPO is genuinely required — the "250 employees" threshold is widely misread — and represent clients before the Commission for Personal Data Protection. We also advise on cybersecurity obligations and incident preparedness.
AI Law & Regulation. We advise on the EU AI Act, including how a system is classified under its risk-based structure, which practices are prohibited outright, the obligations attaching to high-risk systems, transparency duties, and the position of general-purpose AI models. For companies deploying rather than building AI, we advise on the contractual and data protection questions that arise when personal data or customer content is processed by a model.
E-commerce & Internet Law. We set up online businesses to sell lawfully across the EU: terms and conditions, consumer information duties and the distance-selling right of withdrawal, pricing and returns policies, cookie and tracking compliance, platform liability, and the obligations arising under the Digital Services Act.
Fintech. We advise payment and financial technology businesses on regulatory perimeter and authorisation, including payment services and e-money, and on crypto-asset services under the EU MiCA regime, including CASP authorisation through the Financial Supervision Commission and the AML framework that accompanies it.
Outsourcing. Bulgaria is a major delivery location for IT and business process outsourcing. We act for both customers and providers on master services agreements and statements of work, service levels and remedies, IP ownership across subcontracting chains, personnel and transfer-of-undertaking questions, cross-border data flows, and exit and transition arrangements.
Advertising and Marketing. We advise on the rules governing commercial communication: consumer protection and misleading advertising, comparative advertising and unfair competition, influencer and affiliate disclosure, and the consent requirements that apply to direct marketing, cookies, and tracking under data protection and e-privacy rules.
Media and Entertainment. We advise creators and digital content businesses on copyright and neighbouring rights, content licensing and distribution agreements, user-generated content and platform terms, and enforcement against unauthorised use of protected material.
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