How will I be able to receive money for the way I have been treated and all my hard work at a job I just quit from from but not unemployment?

My part-time job was planning on firing me due to me being in a different country for longer than expected because of flight cancellations so I quit instead in hopes of reapplying to have a job. Now I don't plan on staying with this company much longer due to the low pay and the way they treat me and make me feel worthless and used. If I reapply and start working with this company again and then quit a short time later or maybe even a few months at most, how will I be able to quit and earn money for the hard work I put into this company and was not valued for it? I currently have been with the company for 1 year and 8 months and quit a week ago. Is there a way I write a statement and say I quit because I do not feel respected or valued at this company and I have just been used and thrown to the side when not needed" can I use this as a way to get money back for the reason I quit and the years I put in? Also want to let you know that I only sent a message to my manager saying "I will not be working with this company anymore thank you" This was how I quit because I am in a different country.