445 articles found

B-BBEE is a commercial imperative for international firms seeking to participate in the South African economy, particularly for government tenders and large-scale private supply chains. Multinationals can bypass the requirement...

Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in the Philippines are governed by the Civil Code and specific statutes like the Data Privacy Act of 2012. Service credits are the primary remedy for...

A Representative Office (Ufficio di Rappresentanza) is restricted to promotional activities and has no separate legal personality or tax liability in Italy. A Branch (Sede Secondaria) acts as a permanent...

Corporate Governance Standards for Tech Startups in Nigeria: A Legal Guide Every Nigerian startup registered as a private limited company must have at least two directors under the Companies and...

Arbitration in Thailand is governed by the Arbitration Act B.E. 2545 (2002), which is largely based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Parties can choose between institutional arbitration, such as the...

Contractors in Thailand are legally liable for defects for one year after delivery, extending to five years for structural failures under the Civil and Commercial Code. Owners must provide a...

A foreign branch is not a separate legal entity; the parent company remains 100% liable for all obligations and debts incurred by the Thai branch. Most foreign branches require a...

Italy's "Golden Power" legislation allows the government to veto or impose conditions on foreign investments in strategic sectors, including high-tech, AI, and semiconductors. Mandatory notification to the Presidency of the...

Medical malpractice claims in South Africa fall under the law of delict, requiring proof of negligence, causation, and actual damages. The standard prescription period for filing a claim is generally...

Startups registered as Private Limited Companies must file annual financial statements (AOC-4) and annual returns (MGT-7) with the Registrar of Companies (RoC). Failure to comply with the Companies Act, 2013,...

California mandates a minimum six-month waiting period from the date the respondent is served before a divorce can be finalized. Mediation is significantly more cost-effective, typically costing 50% to 70%...

Federal incorporation (CBCA) provides nationwide name protection but requires 25% of directors to be Canadian residents. Several provinces, including Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta, have eliminated director residency requirements, making...

English law distinguishes between minor breaches and "repudiatory" breaches, which determine whether you can terminate the contract or merely claim damages. Claimants have a legal "duty to mitigate," meaning they...

ISTAC arbitration clauses allow commercial landlords and tenants to bypass the 2-3 year backlog in Turkish civil courts, often resolving disputes within 6 months. A valid arbitration agreement must be...

Most international NGOs in Nigeria register as Incorporated Trustees under Part F of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020. Registration with the Special Control Unit against Money Laundering...

Choosing between PEZA and BOI depends on your location strategy; PEZA requires operating within designated ecozones, while BOI allows for more geographical flexibility. Export-oriented IT-BPM firms (exporting 60% or more...

Delaware allows non-US residents to form an LLC without visiting the United States or having a US Social Security Number. You must appoint a Registered Agent with a physical address...

The Digital Competition Bill introduces an ex-ante framework, regulating large digital platforms before anti-competitive behavior occurs rather than after. Companies designated as Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs) must comply with...

Shareholders' agreements (patti parasociali) in Italy are generally limited to a five-year duration for unlisted companies, requiring active renewal to remain enforceable. The Italian "Golden Power" legislation grants the government...

Claims for accidents where the driver is identified must be lodged within three years of the incident. "Hit and run" claims involving unidentified drivers have a much shorter deadline of...