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100 legal articles
Last updated October 2026. A representative office ( ufficio di rappresentanza ) suits a non-commercial presence: market research, information gathering, promotion and liaison. It does not suit a local team...
Armenia can be a practical jurisdiction for founders who want a base in the South Caucasus, a locally managed development team, access to the Armenian and Eurasian markets, or a...
Introduction A person may look at the commercial registration of an establishment or company in Bahrain and assume that the names appearing in the register are the only people connected...
The federal Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) and New York's LLC Transparency Act are separate regimes: reporting to FinCEN does not satisfy New York's 2026 state filing requirement. Most small corporations...
Foreign investors usually choose between a traditional S.r.l. (more flexible, more respected by banks) and a simplified S.r.l. (S.r.l.s) (cheaper to set up, but more rigid and sometimes less bank-friendly)....
The Dutch Participation Exemption eliminates corporate income tax on dividends and capital gains derived from qualifying subsidiaries. The Netherlands offers one of the world's most extensive networks of Bilateral Investment...
Italy's "Golden Power" legislation allows the government to veto or impose conditions on foreign investments in strategic sectors, including high-tech, AI, and semiconductors. Mandatory notification to the Presidency of the...
Mandatory Registration: Foreign data controllers targeting the Turkish market or monitoring Turkish residents must register with the VERBIS system before processing data. 2024 Reform: Recent amendments to the KVKK have...
Tech companies operating in Greece must comply with Law 4624/2019, which supplements the EU GDPR with specific local requirements for employment and criminal data. The Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)...
International businesses are subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) if they meet specific revenue or data processing thresholds, regardless of physical presence in the United States. The 2026...
Foreign investors must register their business with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) and the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) before commencing operations. The minimum issued share capital for any Nigerian...
Foreign investors must obtain an Investment Registration Certificate (IRC) before applying for an Enterprise Registration Certificate (ERC) to legally operate. Vietnam follows a "Negative List" approach, meaning any sector not...
Golden Visa holders can own 100% of a mainland (onshore) LLC in the UAE for most commercial activities without a local partner. Unlike Free Zone companies, onshore LLCs can trade...
Starting in 2025 and 2027, Singapore will mandate climate-related disclosures for both listed and large non-listed companies based on International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) frameworks. Large non-listed companies with annual...
Shareholder disputes in India are primarily governed by the Companies Act, 2013, with the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) serving as the primary adjudicatory body. Minority shareholders holding at least...
Ireland offers a competitive 6.25% effective tax rate on profits derived from qualifying intellectual property through the Knowledge Development Box (KDB). Intra-group licensing agreements must strictly adhere to OECD transfer...
Continuity of Existence: Cyprus re-domiciliation laws allow international groups to move their seat of incorporation into or out of Cyprus without liquidating the original entity. Tax Optimization: Strategic use of...
A Singapore regional office or headquarters is almost always set up as a private limited subsidiary. Incorporation costs S$315 in government fees and usually takes a few days. The main...
Prioritize Registration: Vietnam is a "First-to-File" jurisdiction, meaning rights are generally awarded to the first person to file an application, regardless of prior use. 2026 Digital Shifts: All IP filings...
Mandatory Approval: Most foreign entities must obtain written approval from the Treasurer via FIRB before acquiring interests in Australian commercial real estate or sensitive businesses. National Interest Test: Decisions are...
