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46 legal articles
Regulatory Approval: Most exits via secondary sales or buybacks must comply with Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) pricing guidelines to ensure capital can be legally repatriated. Enforceability: Put and call...
A VCC can run a closed-ended private equity fund. ACRA states that Variable Capital Companies can hold open-ended or closed-ended funds and traditional or alternative strategies. Commitments, capital calls and...
Hong Kong OFC vs LPF: Which Fund Vehicle Should a Foreign Manager Choose? Start with the fund's economics: If you are raising committed capital for a closed-ended private equity, venture...
Trade sales remain the most common exit route in the UAE due to speed and the high presence of strategic international buyers seeking regional footprints. Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on...
Foreign investors primarily use three routes to enter the Indian market: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), and Alternative Investment Funds (AIF). The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)...
Shareholders' agreements ( patti parasociali ) in Italy are generally limited to a five-year duration for unlisted companies, requiring active renewal to remain enforceable. The Italian "Golden Power" legislation grants...
Law 4864/2021 governs the "Fast Track" process, providing legal certainty and expedited licensing for large-scale projects in Greece. Strategic investments can benefit from a 12-year tax stability guarantee, protecting the...
Common Law Foundation: The DIFC operates under an English-language common law framework, offering international investors a familiar legal environment compared to the UAE's onshore civil law system. Investment Flexibility: Venture...
Foreign Private Equity in Canada: 2026 Investment Checklist Foreign investments exceeding specific monetary thresholds require government approval under the Investment Canada Act before the transaction can close. Minority investments in...
The Netherlands is a preferred jurisdiction for private equity due to its tax treaties, legal stability, and flexible corporate forms like the Besloten Vennootschap (BV) and Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV). Foreign...
Mandatory security clearances: Buyers must notify the UK government before closing deals involving any of 17 sensitive economic sectors under the National Security and Investment (NSI) Act. Merger control risks:...
Exit timelines vary : Trade sales typically close in 3 to 6 months, while Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) require 6 to 12 months. FCCPC reviews...
Foreign private equity (PE) investors can own 100 percent of Nigerian enterprises in most sectors, provided they register with the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC). Obtaining a Certificate of Capital...
Zero-Dollar Thresholds Expand: In 2026, the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) applies mandatory zero-dollar notification thresholds to an expanded list of national security businesses, including advanced data processing and critical...
Mauritius tax advantage: The Double Taxation Treaty with Nigeria reduces dividend withholding tax from 10% to 7.5%. Delaware structures do not receive this benefit. Capital Importation: Investors must secure a...
RBI Pricing Guidelines: Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) rules dictate the minimum or maximum valuation price for transferring shares between non-residents and residents. Tax Treaty Nuances: Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements...
eCCI is Non-Negotiable : Foreign investors must secure and manage their electronic Certificate of Capital Importation (eCCI) to legally repatriate exit proceeds through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). 30%...
Exchange control is the deal-breaker: South African Reserve Bank (SARB) approval is not a post-closing administrative task. Capital cannot enter or exit South Africa legally without it. Financial assistance rules...
If you are acquiring or selling a business in the Netherlands, choosing between a share deal and an asset deal is your most important structuring decision. Get this wrong, and...
Foreign private equity sponsors entering Brazil frequently make a costly mistake: they assume an asset deal offers the same clean break from historical liabilities that it does in common-law jurisdictions....