377 articles found

Breach Categories Matter: Not every contract violation allows you to terminate the agreement; only a "repudiatory" breach grants the right to end the contract and claim damages. Duty to Mitigate:...

English law distinguishes between minor breaches and "repudiatory" breaches, which determine whether you can terminate the contract or merely claim damages. Claimants have a legal "duty to mitigate," meaning they...

ISTAC arbitration clauses allow commercial landlords and tenants to bypass the 2-3 year backlog in Turkish civil courts, often resolving disputes within 6 months. A valid arbitration agreement must be...

Most international NGOs in Nigeria register as Incorporated Trustees under Part F of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020. Registration with the Special Control Unit against Money Laundering...

Choosing between PEZA and BOI depends on your location strategy; PEZA requires operating within designated ecozones, while BOI allows for more geographical flexibility. Export-oriented IT-BPM firms (exporting 60% or more...

Delaware allows non-US residents to form an LLC without visiting the United States or having a US Social Security Number. You must appoint a Registered Agent with a physical address...

The Digital Competition Bill introduces an ex-ante framework, regulating large digital platforms before anti-competitive behavior occurs rather than after. Companies designated as Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs) must comply with...

Shareholders' agreements (patti parasociali) in Italy are generally limited to a five-year duration for unlisted companies, requiring active renewal to remain enforceable. The Italian "Golden Power" legislation grants the government...

Claims for accidents where the driver is identified must be lodged within three years of the incident. "Hit and run" claims involving unidentified drivers have a much shorter deadline of...

Arbitration in Thailand is governed by the Arbitration Act B.E. 2545 (2002), which is largely based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Parties can choose between institutional arbitration, such as the...

Contractors in Thailand are legally liable for defects for one year after delivery, extending to five years for structural failures under the Civil and Commercial Code. Owners must provide a...

Foreign firms have eight days from the discovery of a defect to notify an Italian supplier, or they risk losing all warranty rights under Article 1495 of the Italian Civil...

Canadian businesses are subject to strict liability under the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA) and the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (FAC), meaning intent is often irrelevant...

Shareholders in South African private companies can proactively prevent deadlocks by including customized tie-breaker provisions in their Memorandum of Incorporation (MOI). The "Shotgun Clause" is a high-stakes exit mechanism that...

Turkey is a signatory to the New York Convention, meaning foreign arbitral awards are generally enforceable provided there is reciprocity between Turkey and the country where the award was rendered....

The Civil Transactions Law (CTL), effective December 2023, is Saudi Arabia's first comprehensive codification of contract law, moving away from uncodified Sharia principles. Good faith is a mandatory statutory requirement...

Foreign investors primarily use three routes to enter the Indian market: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), and Alternative Investment Funds (AIF). The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)...

Free Zone companies must register for Corporate Tax regardless of whether they expect to pay the 0% or 9% rate. To maintain "Qualifying Free Zone Person" (QFZP) status, entities must...

A foreign branch is not a separate legal entity; the parent company remains 100% liable for all obligations and debts incurred by the Thai branch. Most foreign branches require a...

Legal Personality: Upgrading to a Private Limited Company (Ltd) creates a separate legal entity, protecting your personal assets from business liabilities. Cessation Requirement: You must formally file a "Notice of...