383 articles found

Indian startups registered as Private Limited Companies must file annual financial statements and returns with the Registrar of Companies (RoC) to avoid heavy daily penalties and director disqualification. Board meetings...

California mandates a minimum six-month waiting period from the date the respondent is served before a divorce can be finalized. Mediation is significantly more cost-effective, typically costing 50% to 70%...

Italy's "Golden Power" legislation allows the government to veto or impose conditions on foreign investments in strategic sectors, including high-tech, AI, and semiconductors. Mandatory notification to the Presidency of the...

Medical malpractice claims in South Africa fall under the law of delict, requiring proof of negligence, causation, and actual damages. The standard prescription period for filing a claim is generally...

Startups registered as Private Limited Companies must file annual financial statements (AOC-4) and annual returns (MGT-7) with the Registrar of Companies (RoC). Failure to comply with the Companies Act, 2013,...

Federal incorporation (CBCA) provides nationwide name protection but requires 25% of directors to be Canadian residents. Several provinces, including Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta, have eliminated director residency requirements, making...

Breach Categories Matter: Not every contract violation allows you to terminate the agreement; only a "repudiatory" breach grants the right to end the contract and claim damages. Duty to Mitigate:...

English law distinguishes between minor breaches and "repudiatory" breaches, which determine whether you can terminate the contract or merely claim damages. Claimants have a legal "duty to mitigate," meaning they...

ISTAC arbitration clauses allow commercial landlords and tenants to bypass the 2-3 year backlog in Turkish civil courts, often resolving disputes within 6 months. A valid arbitration agreement must be...

Most international NGOs in Nigeria register as Incorporated Trustees under Part F of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020. Registration with the Special Control Unit against Money Laundering...

Choosing between PEZA and BOI depends on your location strategy; PEZA requires operating within designated ecozones, while BOI allows for more geographical flexibility. Export-oriented IT-BPM firms (exporting 60% or more...

Delaware allows non-US residents to form an LLC without visiting the United States or having a US Social Security Number. You must appoint a Registered Agent with a physical address...

The Digital Competition Bill introduces an ex-ante framework, regulating large digital platforms before anti-competitive behavior occurs rather than after. Companies designated as Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs) must comply with...

Shareholders' agreements (patti parasociali) in Italy are generally limited to a five-year duration for unlisted companies, requiring active renewal to remain enforceable. The Italian "Golden Power" legislation grants the government...

Claims for accidents where the driver is identified must be lodged within three years of the incident. "Hit and run" claims involving unidentified drivers have a much shorter deadline of...

Arbitration in Thailand is governed by the Arbitration Act B.E. 2545 (2002), which is largely based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Parties can choose between institutional arbitration, such as the...

Contractors in Thailand are legally liable for defects for one year after delivery, extending to five years for structural failures under the Civil and Commercial Code. Owners must provide a...

Foreign firms have eight days from the discovery of a defect to notify an Italian supplier, or they risk losing all warranty rights under Article 1495 of the Italian Civil...

Canadian businesses are subject to strict liability under the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA) and the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (FAC), meaning intent is often irrelevant...

Shareholders in South African private companies can proactively prevent deadlocks by including customized tie-breaker provisions in their Memorandum of Incorporation (MOI). The "Shotgun Clause" is a high-stakes exit mechanism that...